Chronic Kidney Disease
Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. It affects approximately 10% of the global population.
Stages of CKD
| Stage | GFR (mL/min) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ≥90 | Normal function with mild damage |
| 2 | 60-89 | Mild decrease in function |
| 3a | 45-59 | Mild to moderate decrease |
| 3b | 30-44 | Moderate to severe decrease |
| 4 | 15-29 | Severe decrease |
| 5 | <15 | Kidney failure |
Risk Factors
- Diabetes (leading cause, ~40% of cases)
- Hypertension (~30% of cases)
- Family history of kidney disease
- Age over 60
- Obesity
Management
Medications
- ACE inhibitors or ARBs for blood pressure
- SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin)
- Phosphate binders in advanced stages
Diet
- Low sodium (<2g/day)
- Protein restriction in later stages
- Potassium and phosphorus management
Early detection is key. Regular screening with blood creatinine and urine albumin tests can catch CKD before symptoms appear.
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